NVGate FFT

A spectrum analyzer is an instrument used to characterize signals in the frequency domain.

Frequency-domain displays show a parameter (usually amplitude) versus frequency. A spectrum analyzer takes an analog input signal (a time domain signal) and converts it to the frequency domain. The resulting spectrum measurement shows the energy of each frequency component at each point along the frequency spectrum.

FFT spectrum analyzer uses digital signal processing to sample the input signal and convert it to the frequency domain. This conversion is done using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), the math algorithm used for transforming data from the time domain to the frequency domain.

FFT spectrum analyzer is a powerful instrument, since their processing power can extract both magnitude and phase, and can also switch easily between the time and frequency domains. It makes them ideal measuring instrument for acoustic, vibration analysis, measures for audio, electronic, telephone equipments, measures for electricity networks, seismic analysis, control of manufacture and monitoring.

The NVGate FFT plug-in is used to compute the input signal FFT (you can also compute time signals in post analysis mode with the Player module). Up to 4 FFT plug-in can be present in the software configuration, each of them running independent analyses on the same or different channels.

Video tutorial

We advise using GoToResult for performing FFT.

Display available results

Diplay windows can be done in 2 ways.

• With Add/remove windows

• Using GoToResult windows

Note: Zoom windows, Scalar value, cepstrum, enveloppe, orbit are not available using GoToResultWindows, use add/remove windows

The results available are as follows : With Resolution being the value of the FFT x/FFT analysis/Resolution setting

Type	Size	Dimension	Domain	Save	Option
Filtered signal	256 pt	2D	time	Display only	FFT
Triggered block	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	time	Yes	FFT
Trigger Shaftview	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	Angle	Yes	FFT-Diag
DC	1pt	1D		Yes	FFT-Diag
RMS	1pt	1D		Yes	FFT-Diag
Min level	1pt	1D		Yes	FFT-Diag
Max level	1pt	1D		Yes	FFT-Diag
Peak	1pt	1D		Yes	FFT-Diag
Peak-Peak	1pt	1D		Yes	FFT-Diag
Crest Factor	1pt	2D		Yes	FFT-Diag
Avg. block	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	time	Yes	FFT
Avg. Trigger Shaftview	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	angle	Yes	FFT
Weighted block	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	time	Yes	FFT
Spectrum	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT
Inst. spectrum	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT
Avg. spectrum	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT
Order & Overall	1 pt	1D		Yes	FFT / CBT
Inst. cross-spectrum	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	XFT
Avg. cross-spectrum	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	XFT
FRF H1	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	XFT
FRF H2	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	XFT
Coherence	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	XFT
Order profile	2048 pt max	2D	time	Display only	CBT
Zoomed spectrum	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT-Diag
Zoomed avg. spectrum	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT-Diag
Lissajou	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	Time Vs. time	Yes	FFT
Zoomed cross spectrum	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT-Diag
Zoomed avg. cross spectrum	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT-Diag
Zoomed FRF H1	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT-Diag
Zoomed FRF H2	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT-Diag
Zoomed Coherence	Resolution	2D	spectral	Yes	FFT-Diag
Zoomed Cepstrum	Resolution	2D		Yes	FFT-Diag
AutoCorrelation	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	time	Yes	FFT-Diag
CrossCorrelation	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	time	Yes	FFT-Diag
Inst.AutoCorr	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	time	Yes	FFT-Diag
Avg.AutoCorr	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	time	Yes	FFT-Diag
Inst.CrossCorr	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	time	Yes	FFT-Diag
Avg.CrossCorr	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	time	Yes	FFT-Diag
Cepstrum*	1/((Resolution-1)*2,56)	2D	Quefrency	Yes	FFT-Diag
InstCepstrum*	1/((Resolution-1)*2,56)	2D	Quefrency	Yes	FFT-Diag
AvgCepstrum*	1/((Resolution-1)*2,56)	2D	Quefrency	Yes	FFT-Diag
ZoomedCepstrum*	1/((Resolution-1)*2,56)	2D	Quefrency	Yes	FFT-Diag
Raw Orbit	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	Time Vs. time	Yes	N/A
Synthetized Orbit	(Resolution-1)*2,56	2D	Time Vs. time	Yes	N/A

• Filtered signal: This result is available if a filter is selected in the FFT x/Channel x/Input filter setting. It displays the input time signal after filtering.
• Triggered block: This displays the signal after being triggered by the event selected with the FFT x/Trigger/Trigger setting.

Results below are calculated from the triggered block results. The refresh & computation rate depend on the PC to analyzer connection availability (non real-time results)

• Min level: displays the maximal value of the signal.
• Max level: displays the minimal value of the signal.
• Peak: displays the absolute value of Min level and Max level.
• Peak-Peak: displays the difference between Min level and max level. Peak-Peak level ≥ 0.

• Crest factor: displays the ratio Peak level/RMS level. Characteristics of the Crest Factor:
• Crest Factor ≥ 1
• DC level = 1
• Crest Factor of sinus =
• Max level = with N = number of samples in the triggered block = 2.56*lines number-1
• Avg. block: This result is available if the FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Time. It the time signal block average.
• Weighted block: This result displays the signal after being weighted by the weighting window selected using the FFT x/Channel x/Weighting window setting.
• Spectrum: This result is available if the FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Time. It displays the result of the FFT processing after time averaging.
• Inst. spectrum: This result is available if the FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Spectral. It displays the FFT processing results.
• Avg. spectrum: This result is available if the FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Spectral. It displays the instant spectrum average result.
• Order & Overall: It displays the result of the computation of the orders chosen with the FFT x/Channel x/Tracked order setting and the Overall level if the FFT x/Overall Analysis/Band power tracking is set to On.
• Inst. cross-spectrum: This result is not available if there is no cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. It displays the cross spectrum between the 2 channels selected.
• Avg. cross-spectrum: This result is not available if there is no cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. It displays the instant cross spectrum average results.
• FRF H1: This result is not available if there is no cell checked in the matrix of the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. It displays the Frequency Response Function H1, see Appendix for details.
• FRF H2: This result is not available if there is no cell checked in FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum setting. It displays the Frequency Response Function H2, see Appendix for details.
• Coherence: This result is not available if there is no cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. It displays the H1/H2 ratio.
• Order profile: It displays changes in the Order & Overall result.
• AutoCorrelation: This result is available if correlation is selected in the FFT x/Correlation and FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Time.
• CrossCorrelation: This result is available if correlation is selected in the FFT x/Correlation and FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Time. This result is not available if there is no cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix
• Inst. AutoCorr: This result is available if correlation is selected in the FFT x/Correlation and FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Spectral or Frequency synchronous.
• Avg. AutoCorr: This result is available if correlation is selected in the FFT x/Correlation and FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Spectral or Frequency synchronous.
• Inst. CrossCorr: This result is available if correlation is selected in the FFT x/Correlation and FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Spectral or Frequency synchronous. This result is not available if there is no cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix
• Avg. CrossCorr: This result is available if correlation is selected in the FFT x/Correlation and FFT x/Average/Domain setting value is Spectral or Frequency synchronous. This result is not available if there is no cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix
• Zoomed spectrum: This result is available when the value of the FFT x/FFT zoom/Factor setting is different from None. It displays the FFT zoomed signal processing result. The minimum and maximum of the X axis are the values of the FFT x/FFT zoom/Min freq setting and FFT x/FFT zoom/Max freq settings respectively.
• Zoomed avg. spectrum: This result is available when the FFT x/FFT zoom/Factor value setting is different from None. It displays the zoom spectrum average result. The minimum and maximum of the X axis are the values of the FFT x/FFT zoom/Min freq setting and FFT x/FFT zoom/Max freq setting respectively.
• Lissajous: This result simultaneously displays the value of the channel chosen on the Y axis and the value of the reference channel on the X axis at the same time.
• Cepstrum: This result is always available. X scale is in quefrency (time equivalent) and Y scale is always in dB. Cepstrum analysis can be used as a tool for the detection of periodicity in a spectrum, for examples families of harmonics with uniform spacing. A high quefrency represents rapid fluctuations in the spectrum (small frequency spacings) and a low quefrency represents slow changes with quefrency (large frequency spacings). Note that the quefrency does not give information regarding absolute frequency, only about frequency spacings.

• Zoomed cross-spectrum: This result is available when the FFT x/FFT zoom/Factor value setting is different from None and if there is at least one cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. It displays the zoomed cross spectrum between the two channels selected. The minimum and maximum of the X axis are the values of the FFT x/FFT zoom/Min freq setting and FFT x/FFT zoom/Max freq setting, respectively.
• Zoomed avg. cross-spectrum: This result is available when the FFT x/FFT zoom/Factor value setting is different from None and if there is at least one cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. It displays the zoomed cross spectrum average result. The minimum and maximum of the X axis are the values of the FFT x/FFT zoom/Min freq setting and FFT x/FFT zoom/Max freq setting, respectively.
• Zoomed FRF H1: This result is available when the FFT x/FFT zoom/Factor value setting is different from None and if there is at least one cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. It displays the zoomed Frequency Response Function H1, see Appendix for details. The minimum and maximum of the X axis are the values of the FFT x/FFT zoom/Min freq setting and FFT x/FFT zoom/Max freq setting, respectively.
• Zoomed FRF H2: This result is available when the FFT x/FFT zoom/Factor value setting is different from None and if there is at least one cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. It displays the zoomed Frequency Response Function H2, see Appendix for details. The minimum and maximum of the X axis are the values of the FFT x/FFT zoom/Min freq setting and FFT x/FFT zoom/Max freq setting, respectively.
• Zoomed Coherence: This result is available when the FFT x/FFT zoom/Factor value setting is different from None and if there is at least one cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. It displays the zoomed H1/H2 ratio results. The minimum and maximum of the X axis are the values of the FFT x/FFT zoom/Min freq setting and FFT x/FFT zoom/Max freq setting, respectively.
• Zoomed Cepstrum: This result is available when the FFT x/FFT zoom/Factor value setting is different from None. It displays the zoomed cepstrum.

Settings

There are several ways to access the settings : We advise the first one.

GoToResults	ASB(Analyzer Setting Browser)	Ribbon	double click on FFT windows
		NVGate ribbon - tab:analysis Note: Clicking on the bottom right icon () open the FFTx plug-in properties dialog allowing a full access to all the settings.

Channel

Contains the settings related to the source input.

• Source: input source to be analyzed. It may come from the input Front-end or from the Player in the post analysis mode (see the post analysis chapter). In the post analysis mode, the tracks with a signal bandwidth lower than the range of the FFT cannot be plugged.
• Input filter: filter to be used for filtering the source before analysis. The Filters that are not compatible with the FFT range cannot be selected (see the Filter builder chapter). The A and C weighting on time domain are available in the NVGate^® filter list.

These acoustics filters can be applied as all other NVGate® filters pass/stop band, high/low pass, and integrators.

Note: These weighting on time domain are no longer available for pass band higher than 25.6kHz and lower than 10kHz.

For filter characteristics, see the Appendix.

• Tracked order: orders to be tracked with the FFT Constant Band Tracking mode. Up to 8 different orders may be selected for each channel, and there are three settings for each order:

State: ON if you want the order to be computed

• Order number: Select the number of the order you want to track, from 0.001 up to 800.
• Bandwidth: Select the bandwidth used to compute the energy of the order from 3*FrequencyRange/(NumberOfLine-1) up to FrequencyRange with FrequencyRange being the value of the setting Range from the FFT analysis sub-module, and NumberOfLines being the value of the Resolution setting from the FFT analysis sub-module.
• Weighting window: window used to weighting the signal before the processing. There are six set windows: Uniform, Hanning, Hamming, Kaiser Bessel, Flat top, and three customized windows: Force, Response and Dual exp (see the Time Windows chapter). For the window characteristics, see the Appendix.

Trigger

Contains the settings related to trigger events and how to start, and stop signal computation.

• Start: defines the event to start the analysis. The user can choose any event among the list of defined events. By default only the Free run and Manual events are available. The user can define another event in the "Event Definition" shared resources and then use this event for the "Start" condition.
• Stop: defines the event to stop the analysis. The user can choose any event among the list of defined events. By default only the Free run and Manual events are available. The user can define another event in the "Event Definition" shared resources and then use this event for the "Stop" condition.
• Trigger: defines an event to compute the FFT on one block of time signal. After the computation, the plug-in waits for a new event to compute another block.
• Repeat: this setting is used to select a condition for the plug-in to be restarted. If an event is selected as a Start event, the option "New start" is available, and when this mode is selected each Start event restarts the plug-in. The "End of averaging" mode is available when the value of the FFT x/Average/Type setting is different than "Exponential" mode. This restarts the plug-in when the averaging is finished. For linear average when it is set to "End of averaging", the "Avg duration" gives the periodicity of the average restart. By default the Repeat mode is set to "Off".

The following scheme describes the repeat mode for the FFT analysis:

The ’Run’ corresponds to the start of the analyzer. The start is the beginning of average duration. At the end of the first average, the second average will start and so on till the end of the integration time (even if the last short time integration duration is not over). Each averaging has the same size, except the last that can be smaller.

- Mode Repeat on ’New start’:

The ’Run’ triggers the analyzer, but the average begins at the start event (set in the event definition). This averaging stops at the end of average duration or at the stop event. Then the next averaging is waiting for the new start event to occur.

In case a new event occurs during a previous averaging, this start event won’t be effective because the previous average duration is not over, you can only set other event after the end of the previous one.

• Start delay: time delay applied to the time the start event occurs, or block percentage delay.
  The delay in percentage is calculated as:
  Start delay in % = [(Start delay in s) / (Block duration)] * 100
  This value of start delay can be negative and also greater than 100 %.
  
  Note: some settings (bandwidth, number of lines) are directly linked with the start delay, then by modifying any of these settings the last Start delay modified (time or %) would be fixed, and the other one will be automatically sets regarding modified settings.
• Accept mode: used to select the method for rejecting signal blocks.

Mode	Description
Normal	All the blocks are accepted
Manual	After the computation of each block, the plug-in is in the Waiting mode and waits for the user to push the accept or reject button
Overload rejection	Blocks with an overload are automatically rejected

• Trigger Frequency: Adjust the synchronous frequency (for Frequency Domain Synchronous Analysis).

Hidden/fixed: The Trigger frequency is enabled when FFTx/Average/Domain is set to Frequency Synchronous.

Average

See also : User note about FFT averaging.

Contains the settings related to the type of averaging of the signals to be computed.

• Domain: You can choose between Spectral, Time or Frequency Synchronous.

Domain	Description
Spectral	Calculates the average after FFT processing,
Time	Calculates the average before FFT processing.
Frequency Synchronous	Frequency domain Synchronous averaging (FDSA) uses one frequency band as the phase reference, and each FFT block is recomputed so that the phase of the frequency chosen with the FFT x/FFT analysis/Trigger Frequency setting is 0. Enables the Trigger frequency setting to be adjusted from FFTx/Trigger/Trigger frequency.

• Size: The number of signal blocks used to compute the average, from 1 up to 1000000000.
• Duration: The duration of the signal used to compute the average. This depends on four other settings: Size from the same sub-module, and Range Overlap and Resolution from the FFT Analysis sub-module. BlockDuration = (NumberOfLines-1)/FrequencyRange

Duration = BlockDuration * (Size - (Size-1)*Overlap)

With BlockDuration being the duration of one block of signal, NumberOfLines being the value of the setting Resolution from the FFT analysis sub-module, FrequencyRange being the value of the setting Range from the FFT analysis sub-module, Size being the value of the setting Size from the same sub-module and Overlap being the value of the setting Overlap from the FFT analysis sub-module.

The average duration disappears when the trigger of the FFT is changed from "Free Run" to a different trigger (Manual, Ext.Sync., Delta RPM,…) as the elapsed time between two triggering is not predictable anymore."

• Type: The method of averaging the signal. There are four different averaging modes: Linear, Exponential, Peak hold, and Referenced Peak hold.

Type	Description
Linear	Linear averaging of results is carried out on the value of the Size setting from the same sub-module. The FFT plug-in automatically stops when the given number of averages is reached.
Exponential	In this mode of computation, each new average is obtained by adding its previous value and the new FFT result divided by the value of the Size setting, and then subtracting its previous value divided by the value of the Size setting.
Peak hold	This method processes the peaks found in their spectrum power density for each channel, and for a number of FFT analysis given by the value of the Size setting. The FFT plug-in automatically stops when a given number of averages is reached. For each frequency line, each time the value of the instantaneous spectrum is greater than the value of the averaged spectrum, the averaged spectrum value becomes equal to the instantaneous spectrum value. Otherwise, the average spectrum value is not modified. Note: in this case averaged spectrum doesn’t mean average value but hold value.
Referenced Peak hold	This method processes the peaks found in their spectrum power density for each channel, and for a number of FFT analyses determined by the size setting. The FFT plug-in automatically stops when a given number of averages is reached. When this mode is selected, a new setting called Reference channel appears in the same sub-module; if None is selected, the average processing is the same as the Peak hold mode. If a channel is selected, then there are two different behaviors depending on the channel: For the reference channel: For each frequency line, each time the value of the instantaneous spectrum is greater than the value of the average spectrum, the average spectrum value is equal to the instantaneous spectrum value. Otherwise, the average reference spectrum value is not modified. For the other channels: For each frequency line, for each modification of the average reference spectrum, the average channel spectrum is equal to the instantaneous channel spectrum values, even if it is less than the average spectrum value. The modification of the reference and the other channels is synchronized. In this example, the modified spectrum lines are between A and B for both reference channel and response channel. The spectrum lines between B and D in the response channel are not updated. The modification of the reference and response channels is synchronized Each time the peak value of the reference channel has been modified, the averaged cross spectrum is equal to the instantaneous reference spectrum by the response spectrum product. In this example, the modified spectrum lines are between A and B. The functions as transfer function (where the reference channel is taken into account) will be modified between A and B.

Hidden/fixed: Peak hold and Referenced Peak hold are only available if the Domain setting from the same sub-module is set to Spectral.

• Reference channel: channel to be used as a reference in the Referenced Peak hold averaging mode. This setting is only available when this averaging mode is selected. You can choose between the channels that are plugged into the FFT plug-in, if ’None’ is selected the average processing is the same as the Peak hold mode.

FFT analysis

Contains the settings related to the type of analysis of the signals to be computed.

• Range: the FFT plug-in frequency range. The analyzer sampling frequency divided by 2.56 limits this range, and the minimum is obtained by dividing this limit by 50000. For example, if the analyzer sampling frequency is 51,2kS/s, then the max range is 20 kHz and the min is 400mHz. In post analysis mode, the Max Bandwidth setting from the Player plug-in provides the analyzer sampling frequency by multiplying the value by 2.56 (ex: if max bandwidth = 20 kHz then the analyzer sampling frequency is 51.2kS/s), otherwise, the analyzer sampling frequency is provided by the input sampling setting from the Front end plug-in input setting sub-module.
• Resolution: This is a fixed setting, for information only. It displays the frequency span between two points of a spectral result. The FFT resolution is obtained by dividing the FFT frequency range by the resolution minus 1. For example if the FFT Range is 20 kHz and the resolution is 401 lines, then the frequency span is: 20000 / (401 - 1) = 20000 / 400 = 50Hz.
• Overlap: Defines the amount of overlap of input signals between two successive FFT computations, from 0% to 99.99%.
• Number of lines: The FFT number of analyzed lines. There are seven possibilities: 101, 201, 401, 801, 1601, 3201 or 6401 lines.
• Trigger Frequency: This setting is only available when the FFT x/Average/Domain setting is "Synchronous". The value can be chosen from the FFT Frequency range; this frequency is the phase reference: each FFT block is recomputed so that the phase of the frequency chosen is 0.
• Reverse cross function: this setting allows calculating the cross function of the greyed part of the Cross spectrum setting. Default value is True except on cascaded mode (multiple hardware) as the number of reference spectrum to be carried between the analyzers may lead to a dramatic loss of performances.
• Cross spectrum: Matrix used for the selection of the computed cross spectra, Only the upper half of the matrix can be used, because when a box is checked, two cross spectra are computed with each of both channels being the reference. Selecting the cross spectra is necessary to have access to some results: instant cross spectrum, average cross spectrum, FRF H1, FRF H2 and coherence.

• Autobandwidth: manages the analysis and recording bandwidths automatically. The Inputs selection window allows the use of 2 different sampling rates for the dynamic inputs. It gathers inputs with the same physical quantity into groups, maintaining the same sampling into each group. When inputs are associated with the analysis plug-in, it adjusts its analysis bandwidth to match the inputs ones. Mixing input bandwidths in one analysis plug-in lead to set its bandwidth to the lowest one. Autobandwidth is set by default in the FFT plug-ins. it adjusts the setting : FFT Analysis\Range .When it is enabled in the plug-in, these settings "switch to informative status"

FFT zoom

Unlike the display zoom function; the analysis zoom function allows you to zoom into a selected bandwidth increasing the analysis resolution.

• Factor: Switch the FFT zoom on or off depending on its value. If the value is "None" there is no zoom result available. There are seven possible factors: x2, x4, x8, x16, x32, x64, x128. The value stands for the dividing factor to be used to obtain the frequency span of the zoom results. For example, if the FFT resolution is 401 lines and the Frequency range is 20kHz then the frequency span is 50Hz. If the zoom is activated with a x4 factor, the frequency span of the zoom results is 50 / 4 = 12,5Hz. The zoom results are Zoomed Spectrum, Zoomed Average Spectrum, and Zoomed cross spectrum, Zoomed Avrg cross spectrum, Zoomed FRF H1, Zoomed FRF H2, Zoomed Triggered Block and Zoomed Coherence if there is at least one cell checked in the FFT x/FFT analysis/Cross spectrum matrix. These results are available when the Factor is different from the None value.
• Center: The center frequency of the zoom. The value can be set directly, or automatically by changing the Min Frequency or the Max frequency settings.
• Min freq: The minimum frequency of the zoom. The value can be set directly, or automatically by changing the Center or Factor settings to match them.
• Max freq: The maximum frequency of the zoom. The value can be set directly, or automatically by changing the Center or the Factor settings to match them.

Note: These zoom settings are working as following:

• Set Factor and Center (min and max values are update automatically with the center frequency) if the zoom would be done around a central frequency well defined. By modifying Factor, max and min frequencies will be automatically set to define zoom limits.
• Set max and min frequencies (center and factor are update automatically) if the limits in frequency would be fixed on specific values.

Envelope

Read the user note for more info about envelope analysis.

FFT plug-in integrates as a standard an amplitude demodulation analysis that provides envelope results. Even demodulated time domain signal and envelope spectra can be handled for real time display, result saving and report generation. Envelope demodulation is linked to the FFT zoom activation. When FFT zoom is different from none, the envelope demodulation can be activated through a simple click.

Then the envelope limits (range, modulating, frequency) are set by the zoom settings. It is then possible to get simultaneously the entire spectral and time information with the following displays:

Hidden/fixed: The envelope is available only if the zoom is active.

Note: All frequency setting, such as FFT zoom boundaries, start and stop sweep sine, filter limits, etc… can be directly controlled from a display. This is easily achieved by drag and drops the corresponding setting inside a compatible (with X-axis as frequency) graph.

As an example (see fig below) you can easily focus on spectra area using the zoom center setting as a cursor in the wideband FFT spectra. Then it is efficient to move the center of the FFT zoom from one peak to the order as a cursor. In cab also be useful to control pass-band filter limits, directly from the corresponding spectra. Try it when you use the monitor filter scalar values.

CBT: Order analysis

Read the dedicated CBT page for more info.

Contains the settings related to constant band tracking operations.

• Associated tach: The selected Tach enables the FFT plug-in to perform Constant Band Tracking.

Warning: Do not select an associated tach if you do not use one, the FFT will not start.

• Center on peak: This setting is used to center the spectral lines used to compute the total power around a peak (if it exists) close to the order frequency.
• Refresh mode: When displaying some order profile results, this setting is used to choose between two methods of adding a new measurement point to the curve.

Mode	Description
Delta time	A new point is added periodically. The Time Resolution settings set the refreshing period.
Delta RPM	A new point is added each time the Tach speed has increased the Speed Resolution setting value.

• Duration profile: The size of the profile window time axis.
• Time resolution: used to set the refreshing period for the order profile results. This setting is visible if the Refresh Mode setting value is Delta time.
• Max speed: The Max speed that the Tach selected with the Associated Tach setting can handle. This value is for information only; it cannot be set directly. This setting is visible if the Refresh Mode setting value is Delta RPM.
• Min speed: The Min speed that the Tach selected with the Associated Tach setting can handle. This value is for information only; it cannot be set directly. This setting is visible if the Refresh Mode setting value is Delta RPM.
• Speed resolution: used to set the refreshing conditions for the order profile results. A new point is added each time the Tach speed has increased of the setting value. This setting is visible if the Refresh Mode setting value is Delta RPM.
• Orders Phase ref: This function allows to use the cross-spectrum phase value for the phase of the order (relative phase). The cross-spectrum phase is the relative phase between the input signal of the current channel and the reference input signal associated to this channel. Whatever the average mode, the average cross-spectrum is always used to calculate the orders phase.

- Not activated: The phase of the order is the spectrum phase of the frequency corresponding to the order value (absolute phase). If the average mode is spectral, the inst-spectrum is used and if the average mode is time, the average spectrum is used.

- Activated: choose the channel used to calculate the orders phase.

If a channel is selected, the cross-spectrum matrix is not available anymore.

Note: This set up don’t change the spectrum phases and consequently don’t change the orders phases extracted from a waterfall of spectra.

Correlation

Calculation of the Auto Correlation and the Cross Correlation.

• Correlation: Allows to activate or not the calculation of the correlation.

All results of the correlation are in the time domain with –T/2 et T/2 where T equal to the duration of the block trigger of the FFT.

• Weighting window: Choose between following values of this setting:

Three types of correlation window are available:

Uniform [-T/2, T/2] (where T is the trigger block length): All the window coefficients are equal to 1. For best results with the Uniform weight window, you should use signal sources that are self-windowing, such as transients, burst, and periodic waveforms (signal period must be a multiple of the weight window length). In order to have the trigger point (T0) at the center of the time trigger block, the trigger Delay must be set to –T/2.

Centered Zero Padding [-T/4, T/4] (where T is the trigger block length): Only the central part of the window (representing the half-length) is not null. This weight window must be used with random noise. In order to have the trigger point (T0) at the center of the time trigger block, the trigger Delay must be set to –T/4 (where T is the trigger block length)

Left Zero Padding [0, T/2] (where T is the trigger block length): Only the first half of the window is not null. This weight window must be used with random noise. In order to have the trigger point (T0) at the beginning of the time trigger block, the trigger Delay must be set to 0.

If the correlation is activated then all results of the FFT will be affected by the weighting windows of the correlation. When the setting Correlation is deactivated the weighting windows by default (Hanning) is applied on all inputs of the FFT plug-in.

Notes: Results from the correlation are normalized.

Considerations to obtain good results when making correlation measurement.

• Use input AC coupling. Both auto correlation and cross correlation are disturbed by DC offset in the input signal.
• Use appropriate trigger mode and trigger delay. The trigger mode should be different from free run. The trigger Delay must be set to –T/2 (where T is the time signal block length) with the Uniform and Centered Zero Padding correlation weighted window (and 0 for the Left Zero Padding window). But in some cases, especially with the Centered Zero Padding and Left Zero Padding window (as these function types attenuate parts of the trigger signal block), the trigger Delay must be adjusted to position the input signal with respect to time.

Overall analysis

Calculation of the FFT bands sum.

• Band power tracking: Switches computation of the overall level result on or off.
• Lower frequency: Specifies the lower frequency of the overall computation frequency range.
• Upper frequency: Specifies the upper frequency of the overall computation frequency range.

FFT status

All status are available for the control panel. Statuses are refreshed all the time at roughly 10 Hz.

The current plug-in status is synthesized in a special progress-bar. This progress bar is automatically displayed in the ’control panel’ when the plug-in is active (i.e. as soon as at least 1 input is connected to the FFT plug-in). This status is called ’FFTx’ (x from 1 to 4) and it is available in the status ASB tree (see customize control panel).

This status displays the averaging count (i.e. current analyzed block number), the plug-in state and the real-time status.

• State: block number analyzed
• Run: The FFT plug-in is computing spectra and averaging it.
• Stop: The FFT plug-in is stopped.
• Trig: The FFT plug-in is waiting for next block; i.e. next trigger event (block triggering) or first start event (triggering)
• Pause: The FFT plug-in averaging is paused
• Waiting: The FFT plug-in averaging is waiting for the acquisition to be accepted or rejected (in structural mode).

Notes: in exponential averaging mode the average counts stops increasing as soon as the set value is reached.

The way the status bar is displayed, depends on the type of averaging selected:

• ’Linear’, ’Peak hold’ or ’Ref peak hold’: the progress bar is filled from left to right.
• ’Exponential’: the progress bar is filled from right to left with a flashing until the end of the acquisition.

The color of the background bar and of the text depends on real-time status:

• Green background and white or black text: acquisition in real-time.
• Red background and white or black text: the current acquisition is not real-time (current block is not analyzed).
• Green background and red text: the current acquisition is real-time, but since start not all the blocks were analyzed.
• Triggering: displays the state of the triggering in percentage before acquiring.
• Acquiring: displays the progression of the time block acquisition in percentage. Until the acquiring period is not finished, the corresponding results are not available; they will be displayed at the end of the acquisition.
• Paused: the acquisition is paused
• Stop: the acquisition is stopped

Trigger State

The following scheme describes the basic statuses evolution of the FFT measurement:

By default the trigger state is on ’Stop’ and waiting for a ’Run’ (start or trigger). Then the state become ’Triggering’ and is waiting for a start event, the states become ’Block Triggering’ and is now waiting for a trigger event for being in the ’Running state. If there is less than one second elapsed since the end of current block analysis, FFT status stay at "running" state.

The status is ’Stop’ after a stop event or at the end of averaging.

In structural mode, a state ’Waiting’ is available and is waiting for the ’Accept/Reject’ event to continue.

Count

This status displays the averaging count processed. This status is expressed in analyzed block.

Real-time

This status displays if the averaging is in real-time or not (i.e. the current block is analyzed or not). If the corresponding signal were not available at this time, the acquisition is not real-time. That means that the treatment is longer than the acquisition. There are three values for this state:

• ’OK’: The acquisition is real-time (all block have been processed and averaged)
• ’No’: Acquisition was not real-time (some previous blocks are missing in the average).
• ’-’: The acquisition is currently not real-time (current block is not analyzed an averaged).

Block overload

This status corresponds to the instantaneous overload indication within 1 FFT trigger block, for instance amplitude overload occurred in the current analyzed block. It is useful in structural mode if for one hammer impact one channel is overloaded. Note that overloaded block may be automatically rejected (see accept mode).

Analysis overload

This status corresponds to overload indication over the measurement period. It means that during the whole measurement period there was (or not) an overload. It memorizes block overloaded.